- Mahmuaka Chhakchhuak
US President Barrak Obama khan kum 2009-a President a tlin tirhah khan Changes hi a sawi pawimawh hle mai a. Kum 2009 – 2017 chhunga President a nih khan policy thlak danglam pawh a neiin hmalakna thar pawh a nei nual reng a. Healthcare reform, Environment policy, Foreign relations leh Economic measurers-ah te changes a thlentir a. A hlawmpuia sawi chuan Obama changes kha a hlawhtlinga sawi theih a ni a, ram kalphung thlak danglam khan mipuiah danglamna thlen ve zelin chu chuan hmasawnna kawngah nasa takin a ti thang a ni.
Khawvel ram hrang hrangahte hian changes hi an lo hlawhtlinpui tawh hlawm a, ram kalphung thlakthleng avanga chhiatna leh harsatna tawk awm bawk mahsela a tam ber zawk chuan hma an sawn phah thung. China hruaitu ropui Chairman Mao ngei pawh khan a policy hmasa ber atana Commune system a hmang kha chu an chhiatpui nasa hman hle nain kum hnih hnu emaw lekah a thlak danglam leh vat thung kha an dinchhuah phahna kan ti thei bawk ang. The great leap forward policy tia China mipuite hruai a tumna kha han ngaihtuah mai chu a ni awm mange tih tur a ni ve bawk reng a, a tak taka an han kalpui takah erawh kha chuan ngaihtuah dan ang ngawt chu alo nih loh zia an hria a, an kalpui rei lo hlauh kha an vanneihna a ni ta a nih kha. Chutiang chuan ram tam takin kalphung tharin mipui an lo hruaiin an lo kalpui tawh thin a, ram hruaitu thenkhatin harsatna leh retheihna khur ata an ram mipuite an khaichhuah dan tlem han sawi ila.
Harsatna nasa tak atanga America ram thawhchhuah dan: Kum 1929 leh kum 1930 khan America chuan harsatna namen lo tak a tawkin a tir berah chuan Oct. 29, 1929-a stock market tlahniamin bul an tan a (He ni hi Black Tuesday tiin vawiin thlenga la sawi a ni). Chu chuan America ram pum pui mai chu economy lamah a hnuk hniam nasa mai a, an ram hruaitu atana thlan tlin thar Herbert Hoover ngei pawh chuan inthlan hmaa In tina lirthei neih tir a tiam pawh chu a hlawhchham phah a ni. Hnthawktu tam tak an ban phah a, mipui retheihna chu sorkar lam lahin chhan ngaihna a hre bawk si lo. Hoover ngei pawh chuan a tirah sumdawngte duhthusam anga thawhhona leh sorkar inrawlhna tlemteah a innghat a, nimahsela chu chuan mipui mamawhna a phuhruk zo bawk chuang si lo a. Mipui retheihna leh manganna chuan a vawrhtawp a thleng takmeuh a, a sap tawng takin The Great Depression a thleng a ni. Hoover-a ngei pawh hian nasa takin beiin thawk mahsela a hlawhtling thei chuang lo a, a kalpui danah chuan: voluntarism – sumdawng leh sorkar inkarah voluntary cooperation a kalpui a, thil lakluh atanga chhiah tisangin America sumdawnna chu tihhlut a tum bawk a, Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) dinin Bank, Rel kawng leh sumdawnna lian dangte hnenah economy sector pawimawh tak takte tihnghehna atan sum leh paia tanpuina a pe thin bawk a, chu chuan miretheite hnen thleng phak loin mihausate tan hlawkna a pe zawk si.
Kum 1933-a inthlanpui a lo thlen lehah chuan Franklin Delano Roosevelt chu President a rawn ni a, mi thiam a nih mai bakah mi huaisen leh tumruh tak a ni a, America chhanchhuahna atan hian thil pali a ruahman a, chungte chu:
WPA: Works Progress for Administration
CCC: Civilian Conservation Corps
SSA: Social Security Act
TVA: Tennessee Valley Authority
WPA: Ei leh bar zawnna lama hmasawnna ti chak turin mipui nawlpuiin hna an thawh theih tur a siam thar a, kut themthiamna lam leh infrastructure leh Arts programme-ahte hna a siam thar bawk.
CCC: Environment humhalhna project hrang hrangah thalai hna nei lote tan hna a siam thar bawk a.
SSA: Social insurance system a siam a, chutah chuan unemployment benefits leh pension-te pawh a telhin chu chuan harsatna tawkte tan sum leh pai lama tanpuina pek thin a ni.
TVA: Tennessee Valley area-a infrastructure tihchangtlunna tur leh hnathawh tur siamna leh retheihna tihziaawmna tur regional development programme changtlung tak a kalpui bawk.
Heng thil pali hmang hian FD. Roosevelt chuan ram siam thatna bultan turin ke a pen a, thalai hna neilo te’n hnathawh tur an lo neih phah bawkin puitlingte pawhin an theih ang angin hna an thawk bawk a. Mipuite chuan an thawhchhuah sum leh paite chu Bank-a dah dan zirtir bawkin bank chu hmang tangkai turin a fuih zel bawk a. Chutianga tanrualna tha tak nena ram a kaihhruaina avang chuan kum 1939 alo thlen leh meuhah chuan ram intodelh an lo ni thei ta mai a. Heng thil pawimawh tak tak pali te hi ram mipuite hian an pawm vek hauh lo a, a bik takin mihausate chuan an dodalin an duh lo a. Nimahsela Roosevelt chuan kalpui lui zelin dodalna karah hlawhtlinna tlang chhip a thlenpui hial a. America ramin harsatna a tawh laia ram mipuiin a ni kher hi lo thlang chhuak lo sela chuan America ram hi a keh darh vek hialin an ring a ni.
FD. Roosevelt hian milianho thu leh hla hi ngai pawimawhin zawm ta zawk nisela hetiang hian America hi a khaichhuak kher lo mai thei. Chutiang chiah chuan Russia ngei pawh kum 1990-a haratna nasa tak an tawh khan President Michael Gorbachev khan a chhanchhuah dan tur pawh a hre reng nain a milian leh hausate thu chu a ngaih pawimawh zawk avangin tha a tih angin a kalpui thei bik lo a, a tawpah chuan Russia chu a lo kehdarh ta a nih kha. Roosevelt erawh chuan huaisen taka a policy duan tawhte a kalpui avangin hlawhtlinna an lo chang thei ta a, a hma leh a hnuah pawh President term thum chelh tumah la awm loin amah chauh chu a ni a, vawiin thleng hian chawimawi leh fak ala hlawh bawk a ni.
Roosevelt chhungkua hi an lo ropui hrim hrim a, Theodore Roosevelt ngei pawh khan President a nih hma lawk, kum 1899 kumah Chicago khawmpuina hmunah hetiang hian thu a sawi a – Ram tana ka thawhpui duhtakte u, dawngdah taka nung turin kan ramin min au lo e; rim taka thawka mahni hmazawna kan mawhphurhna theuhte hlenchhuak turin min ko a ni zawk. Kan hmazawna kum zabi sawmhnihna rawn inher chhuak mekah hian ram tam takin beiseina nung nen an hmuak theuh a. Dawngdahna leh thatchhe taka chu hun chu kan lo nghah mai chuan thawhrah seng tur kan nei lo ang a, hah leh rim taka kan thawh erawh chuan a hun takah hnehtu nih leh a lawmman chu tuma lakkhalh lohin keimahni ngeiin kan dawng dawn a ni. Chumi huna inthlahdah loa thawkrimte erawh chuan an thunun lo chang ni loin; anmahni pawh midangte thuhnuaiah an la inbarh luhni ala thleng dawn a ni tiin.
Harsatna kara German thawhchhuah leh dan: Indopui pakhatna (1914 – 1917) kha thil tam tak vanga lo thleng a niin, chung zingah chuan militarism, alliances, imperialism leh nationalism-te pawh a tel bawk tak nain kum 1914 June 28-a Archduke Franz Ferdinand thah a ni kha Indopui pakhatna lo chhuah chhan bul ber nia sawi a ni thin. Chu indonaah chuan Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (Central Power)- tanghote leh France, United Kingdom, Russia leh United States (Allies) te chu he indonaa inep berte an ni. Kum 1917 alo thleng meuh chuan Germany chu intiamkamna awm loin a tlawm ta ringawt mai a, a tlawm zawk avang chuan ba rulh tur pawh a ngah hle reng a ni. Indo alo zawhah pawh chuan an sipai tam takte chu an chawm zawh loh avangin an ban bawk a, ram rorelna pawh a kal tluang tak tak thei hek loin roreltute pawh an inthlak zut reng mai a. Kum 2002 atang khan EURO an hmangin a hma chuan Deutsche Marks chu an pawisa niin he Indopui pakhatna tawp hlim atang hian an pawisa hlutna hi a tlahniam nasa em em a, Artui pum khat hi Marks 1000 lai a ni e an ti hial. Nitinin an pawisa hlutna a tlahniam zel a, hotel-a chaw ei pawhin a man an pe lawk thin e an ti hial a, a chhan pawh ei hnua pawisa alo tlakhniam chuan a aia tam pek a ngaih thin vang a ni.
Chutianga harsatna nasa takin German ram pum pui a tlakbuak vanglai tak chu kum 1924 kha niin kum 1925 atang chuan America ramin an pawisa an puk tirin chumi hmang chuan zawi zawiin hmasawnna lamah ke an pen hret hret a. Kum 1929 alo thlen leh meuhah chuan Indo hmaa an dinhmun kha an tluk leh thuak hman hial a, amaherawhchu kum 1929-a US President Hoover-a hunlaia stock exchange tlak chhiat thut avang chuan harsatna an tawk leh a, dinhmun chhe takah an kir lehin kum 1932 velah phei chuan mipui riltam leh retheite chu hel hlauhawm khawpin an awm hial a. An ram hruaituteah rinna an nghat zo tawh lo a, mipui beidawng riltam thawm chu a ring kher mai. Chutih lai tak chuan Hitler-a pawl Nazzi chu an rawn vung thar hle mai a, kum 1933 January thlaah chuan thuneihna chu a rawn changin ram hruaitu ber Chancellor a rawn ni ta hial a ni.
Hitler-a ram hruaitu a rawn nih tantirhah hian German ram chhungah hna nei lo mi maktaduai ruk lai an awm hman a. Hitler-a chuan kum khat chhung lekin hnathawh tur maktaduai 4 a siam hman hial a, kum 1935-ah hnathawh tur maktaduai 2 lai siam leh bawk a ni. Chutianga ram mipuiin hnathawh tur an lo neih thar tak sup sup lai chuan an ramin ramdang leiba a neih pawh chu rulh tho a ngai a, chu chuan Hitler-a rilru a tibuai hle thung si. A rukin ralthuam siam lamah tan an han la leh tak tak a, kum 1938 alo thlen leh meuhah chuan Europe khawmualpuia sorkar chak ber – Super Power-ah an inhlang chho thei hial a ni.
Hitler-a khan super power dinhmun an chan lai khan Indona lam hawi lo sela chuan German chu ram ropui takah a ding ngei ang a, kum ruk chhung leka hetiang dinhmuna a hruai kai theihdan hi a ropui hle a ni. Adolf Hitler hian hetiang taka German ram a khaichhuah theihna chhan hi Politics lamah kalphung tharin a kal a, hnam hmangaihna thinlung nei turin mipuite a chah bawkin mipui hneh thei tura thusawi a thiam em vang a ni ber bawk.