ZORAM POLITICS RAMRI PATHUM

• Mahmuaka Chhakchhuak

L. Keivom ziak ZORAM KHAWVEL 7 kan chhiar chuan Politics ramri thar chanchin kan hmu a, fiah takin kan Zoram Politics than chhoh dan leh hmasawnna dante min hrilhin a bengvarthlakin a ngaihnawm hle a ni. Ramri Thar – I ah hian 1890 – 1947 chhunga Zoram dinhmun chiang taka sawiin Zalenna kan hloh a, Bristish lalna hnuaia kan luh dan min hrilh a. Mizoram chu chhim leh chhak atang mai niloin hmar lam atangtein thuang thumin min rawn run a, hmar lam atanga min rawn run tute phei chuan Aizawl tlangah kulh ‘Fort Aijal’ an rawn khuarin an awm chilh nghal nghe nghe a nih kha. Assam Province atanga rawn kal an nih avangin an ram lak hmar lam zawng chu Assam Province ah beh tirin, Chief Commissioner enkawlna hnuaiah an dah a. Chutiang bawkin chhim lam atanga min rawn runtute pawh chuan Darzo ah ‘Fort Tregear’ an siam a, Lunglei chu hmunpuia neiin min awp nghal bawk a. East Bengal atanga rawn kal an nih ang bawkin an ram lak chin zawng chu East Bengal-ah beh tirin Bengal Lieutenant Governor thuneihna hnuaiah dah a ni. Chutianga Mizoram thensawma awm chu kum 1898 ah Chin Lushai Conference ah an hung khawm lehin Assam Chief Commissioner enkawlna hnuaiah a awmin a ram hming atan pawh LUSHAI HILLS DISTRICT vuah a ni.

Hei hi Zoram politics ramri thar kan chuankaina hmasa ber niin Zofate’n kum 200 vel lai Lal neia hun kan hman hnuin Bristish thuneihna hnuaiah kan lo tlulut ta a ni. Zalenna kan hlauh a, kan sakhaw biak dan thlengin tihdanglam a niin kan hnam zia rang (culture) thlengin thlak danglam a ni a, min awptute (British) tihdan kan entawnin vawiin thlengin kan la entawn ta zel bawk a nih hi. British sorkar hian kum 1889 atanga Mizoram awp  turin Bawrhsap a rawn dah tan a, chutiang bawkin Missionary pawh kum 1894 atangin a rawn dah bawk a. Kum 1947-a British sorkar hnuai ata India-in zalenna a hmuh thleng khan min awpin kum 57 lai min awp hman tihna a ni. Chutih chhung chuan British Bawrhsap 30 lai kan hrawn hman a, kum 1897-a North Lushai Hills leh South Lushai Hills te suihfin a nih hma amite kha chu Political Officer tih an ni a, suihfin hnuah erawh chuan Superintendent tih an ni ta thung a. Hetiang bawk hian Zosap Missionary-te hi 62 lai niin zoram chhunga rawngbawlna neiin an lo chhuak hman bawk a. Hmar lamah Missionary 37 in rawngbawlna an nei a, Zoram Chhim lamah Missionary 25 in rawngbawlna an nei thung a. Heng kan Missionary hmasate phei hi chuan India Independent 1947 hnuah pawh khan rei tak min la chenchilh a, nimahsela Zoram buaiah khan lohtheihlohin an ram lamah hnawh kir an ni ta a nih kha. 

Min awptu Bawrhsap hmasaber hi Capt. Browne I.A niin kum 1889 atanga 1892 thleng min awp a, chutih lai chuan Superintendent tih niloin Political Officer tih an ni a. Mizoram hi awp hlen an tum tawh zawk vang chuan ruahmanna mumal tak an nei a. Schedule District Act (XIV of 1874) thu angin British India hnuaia khung luh kan nihna pawh kum 1895 vel khan puan fel vek nghal a ni. Mizoram chu hmun hnihah thenin kum 1897 thleng khan Chhim lam chu Bengal Province lamah awmin, Hmar lam chu Assam Province lamah min dah a. Nimahsela a hnu lawk kum 1898 April ni khat chuan Assam Province lamah min khungkhawm leh ta a ni. Indian Penal Code (IPC) hi British India-a hman atan kum 1860 ah siam a ni a (Act No. XLV of 1860). Scheduled District Act 1874 (XIV of 1874)-a Section 5 thuneihna hmangin, IPC pawh chu kum 1898 ah Lushai Hills (Mizoram) an huamtir ta nghe nghe a. Kum 1912-a Bengal, Bihar, Orissa leh Assam ramri an siam khan Assam Province ah min beh ngheh tir ta a ni. Chutih laiin Mizoram bik chu bial hnufual zual, mipui Sawrkarna la phâk ve lo a ngaih kan la nih avangin “Excluded Area” ah min dah bik a ni. 

Excluded Area tih hi chi hniha then a niin Partially Excluded (Engemaw chen chhung huam loh) tih leh Wholly Excluded (A pumpuia huam loh) tih a ni. Chung Partially Excluded Area tihte chu: Khasi and Jaintia Hills, Garo Hills, Mikir Hills te hi an ni a, Wholly Excluded Area huam chinte chu: Naga Hills, Manipur state leh Lushai Hills te hi an ni. (Source: THE EXCLUDED AREAS OF ASSAM – Sir. Robert Reid K.C.S.I., K.C.I.E). Tichuan Excluded Area chu Governor enkawlna hnuaia awm tura tih a ni a, Assam Governor chuan Bawrhsap (Superintendent) hmangin ro a rel thin a ni. Hetih laia Lushai Hills a Bawrhsap chu A.G. Mac. Call I.C.S a ni a, Oct. 21, 1931 ah Lushai Hills awp turin a rawn thleng a, Pa tawi lam deuh leh sa tha lam leh tawng duh deuh tak mi a ni.

Call Sap hi Bawrhsap lo chhuak zingah chuan awm rei ber a ni a, kum 1943 thlengin a awm a ni. Sorkar leh Mizo lalte an inzawm that theih nan bial aiawhte a siam a, chung aiawhte chuan chhim leh hmar ami zawng zawngte kokhawmin Oct. 14, 1941 ah Thenzawlah Durban a siam nghe nghe. Chuta an thurelte chu hengte hi a ni:

(1)  Lamlian kan Reserve dil fo ngai lo a loa neih theih ni tawh rawh se.

(2)  Lal fapate, an pate’n an thihsan kum 18 an tlin hma chu Lal thi ta unaute’n an aia ro lo relsak nisela.

(3)  Lui dung kam vel reserve tih ban

(4)  Damdawi hlauhawm zualpui ni lo chu Lal-in zawr ve phal nise

(5)  Chhim lam lalte’n serkawr tlangdunga Chowkider hlawhpun an dil chu hnawl a ni

(6)  Cheque lak thu

(7)  Mizorama High School awm a tulzia sawihona Vote lakin duh an tam ta a ni

(8)  Lal puan bik tur siam phalsak an ni

(9)  Transport tihpun dil a ni a, hei hi phalsak a ni lo. Transport tihpun hian Coolie lam an awl thei deuh dawn a ni

(10) A.M.C (Ruang la) sipaia kalte, an chhungte Coolie awl phalsak a ni

(11)  Border (mi ram) tihkansak thuah cheng sawmli emaw Sepui chawi emaw ni se tih a ni

(12) Serthlum huan pemsan thu

(13) Tin, Bawrhsapin Zirtirtu hlawh Rs. 2/- aiah buh tin thum an pe tur a ni tih order a siam nghal a ni.

Ramri Thar – II ah thung hi chuan Mizoram chu British hnuaia kum 60 dawn lai kan awm hnua India hnuaia kan kun leh tan, kum 1947 atanga Mizoramin mahnia ro inrelna kan neih tan kum 1972 thleng kha huam tirin hetih hunlaia Mizoram dinhmun leh Laldenga Politics bultan chhoh dan leh State-a hlankai kan nih thleng a huam a ni. Kum 1947-a British sorkar lak ata India-in Independence alo hmuh takah chuan zalenna neiin mahnia rorelna neiin bul a tan chho ve nghal dawn ta a. Hemi hma hian India ram hi Dominion pahnihah then a niin a zau zawk chu Hindu hoin an chang a, pakhat leh zawk chu Mosolman hoin an chang. Kum 1947 atang erawh hi chuan Hindu ho chan hi a hming pangngai India tih chu chhawmin Mosolman chan lam, a zim zawk chu Pakistan tih hming an vuah a. Hetih rual hian India mapa bet ve reng thin Burma pawh chu sahthlak fel a ni nghal a, East Bengal pawh an duhthlanna hmangin Pakistan lamah an bet a, Mizoram chu heng ram pathum inkarah hian tlazepin khawi ramah mah bet loin amalin a awm a ni. Heng ram pathumte hian an ram ro inrelna tur Danpui (Constitution) an duang nghal a, nimahsela Mizoram chu an Danpui huangchhungah chuan a tu-amahte chuan an lo senglut tel hauh lo mai.

Hetianga kan thenawm ram pathum – India, Pakistan leh Burma te chuan an ram chhunga telvea min ngaih tak lohah chuan August 14, 1947 ah Bawrhsap L.L. Peter hoin Mizo mipui aiawhtute, Political aiawhte, Sipai bang aiawhte, Kohhran hrang hrang aiawhte, Young Lushai Association (YLA) aiawhte, Hmeichhe Tangrual Pawl aiawhte chuan inkhawmna neih a ni. He Inkhawmah hian mi 50 an tel a, an hming pawh tarlang tel ila a tha awm e; –

Heta telahte hian a then chuan Independent-a awm mai duh an awm a, a thenin British thlazar hnuaia Crown Colony a awm te an duh bawk a, a thenin India zawmte Burma zawmte duh an awm bawkin an sawiri hlawm a. Hetiang hian record vawnthat a ni bawk: –

1. RESOLVED that owing to the unexpected acceleration of the date of transfer of power by the British Government and as the Lushais have not yet been definitely informed in details as to what is to be the proposed future Constitution and form of administration of the District and as Section (7) Sun Section (2) of the Indian Independence Bill does not clarify the situation. It is accordingly thought necessary that His Excellency the Governor of Assam should kindly inform them in writing as to what these are to be also whether Lushaia are at this stage allowed the option of joining any other dominion, i.e Pakistan or Burma. RESOLVED further that the Superintendent of Lushai Hills should kindly communicate the above request of the Lushais to the Adviser to His Excellency the Governor of Assam in order to clarify these points.

2. RESOLVED that if the Lushais are to enter the Indian Union their demands are :
(i) That the existing safeguards of their Customary laws and land tenure etc. should be maintained.
(ii) That the Chin Hills Regulation 1896 and Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation 1873 should be retained until such time the Lushais themselves through their District Council or other parallel authority declared that this can be abrogated.

3.That the Lushais will be allowed to opt out of the Indian Union when they wish to do so, subject to a minimum period of ten years.

                                Sd/- L.L.PETERS  14/8/47
                                    Superintendent
                                       Lushai Hills 

Sawi lan tawh angin kan thenawm ram indang tir te chuan an Danpui huang chhungah Mizoram leh Mizo mipuite chanvo an lo valh lut tel ve hauh lo mai a. Chuvang chuan August 14, 1947 a Bawrhsap hova Mizo mipui aiawhtute inkhawm pawh hian, bengsika an ngaihtuah hnuah Assam rama thuneitu sang ber Governor chu Mizote awm dan tur, Burma emaw Pakistan emaw zawm chungchang thlenga rawn hrilhfiah turin an phût a ni.

‘Ta ang ila’ tih thil thu-ah, India lo zawm ta ang an nih chuan mahni hnam dan hmanga ro an inrelna leh ram leilung chunga thuneihna te Mizote kuta awm zui zel turin an sakhithingchunglawn nghal a. British sorkarin Mizote humhalh nana Dan a hman lai, Chin Hills Regulation, 1896 leh Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation, 1873 te chu Mizote’n tul an tih chhûng chu hman chhunzawm zel an phût bawk a. A tawpah India lo zawm ta pawh ni se kum 10 hnu lama duhdan sawi leh theihna nena indelhkilhin thu tlâng an kàwm a ni.

British Sorkarin India a awp lai khan thuang hnihin an kal a – Protected Native States (Princely State tihtein an sawi bawk) leh British India tiin. Protected Native State te hi British Sorkar ram tak an ni lo a, nimahse British nen Thuthlung siamin, British Sawrkar humhimna leh an hliahkhuhna hnuaia awm an ni. Heng Native State ram te hian mahni lal (Raja/Maharaja) neiin, anmahni ro inrelna an nei a. A lian deuh te chuan sipai te, tangka te, dãk leh inbiakna te leh rel kawng te pawh an nei hrang a. A lar zualte chu Hyderabad, Mysore, Jammu and Kashmir, Sikkim, Benares, Travancore etc. an ni a, Manipur leh Tripura te pawh chutiang zinga mi chu an ni. Hetiang dinhmun neite zingah hian Mizo lalte kha pakhat mah an tel ve lo a ni.

Tin, Native State ni lote chu ‘British India’ an ti bîk a. Chung chu British ram lâk leh an awp chiah te an ni. British India hnuaiah kum 1612 – 1947 chhung India chu a awmin bung hrang sawm leh pakhat (11) ah an then a; chungte chu State vuah loin Province an vuah a – Central Province and Berar (1936), Assam Province (1912), Andaman and Nicobar Islands Provine (1875), Baluchistan Province (1887),  North-West Frontier Province (1901), Eastern Bengal and Assam Province (1905), Bihar and Orissa Province (1912), Delhi Province (1912), Orissa Province(1936), Sind Province (1936), Panth-Piploda Province (1942). Heng bakah hian Burma pawh kum 1862 atanga 1937 thleng khan Province anga ruahman a ni bawk. Hetiang hian British hunlaiin India ah chuan British India leh Protected Native State an awm hrang a ni.

Sawi tawh angin Chairman hmasaber atan Bawrhsap L.L. Peters hi a niin a hnuah S.N. Barkataki hian a rawn thlak leh a, a ni hi District Council neih hnuah pawh la awm zelin Deputy Commissioner hmasa ber a ni bawk a. He District Advisory Committee (DAC) hi a hunchhung a rei lo hle mai a, kum li emaw chauh a ding hman a, kum 1952 ah District Council hruaitu thlanna hmasa ber neih hma zawng chauh Mizoram an enkawl hman a. Nimahsela DAC hunchhung hi a rei lo viau nain mipuiin an zangkhai phah hman hle thung a; Lalin a duhsakte lo tha a neih tir thinte, Lal In a thlawna sak thinte an tibang a. Lal Sachhiah atana a sadar veilam phawh hlawk pek thinte pawh tih tawp a ni bawkin pem chhuak in leh lo leh huan an pempui theih loh Lalin a neih sak thinte pawh tihtawp sak a ni.                     

Kum 1952 ah chuan District Council hruaitu thlanna neih a nih hma hian Mizoramah Political Party pahnih alo ding tawhin Mizo Union hi 6^th April, 1946 ah a lo ding tawhin United Mizo Freedom Organisation (UMFO, Zalen Pawl tih thin) pawh kum 1947 July 5^th ah alo ding tawh bawk a. Tichuan District Council hi Mizoram pumah seat 18 tura ruahman a niin seat 6 chu a ruata ruat tura tih a ni bawk a. Heng Party pahnihte hian chung seat 18 te chu an chuhin April. 5^th 1952 ah Inthlanna neih a ni. Hetih lai hian Mizoram chu Cachar District nena Member of Parliament (MP) intawm tura tih a niin Mizoram bikah pawh MLA pathum thlang tura tih kan ni a. Chung MLA thlanna tur bial 3 te chu Mizoram pum bial turin Aizawl East Constituency, Aizawl West Constituency leh Lunglei Constituency ah te then a ni.

Mizo District Council thlan rual hian Assam Legislative Assembly-a Mizoram aiawh tur MLA 3 thlanna neih nghal a ni a, hetiang hian Mizo Union Party Candidate vek an tling a ni: Aizawl East atangin R. Thanhlira, Aizawl West atangin Ch. Saprawnga leh Lunglei atangin Dengthuama te. Nimahsela thlan tlin an nih hnu hian R. Thanhlira chu MP (Rajya Sabha) atan dah a ni leh zawk tak avangin a hmun ruakah By Election neih a niin Lalbuaia, Mizo Union tho chu thlan tlin leh a ni a. Pu R. Dengthuama pawh District Council Court lama thawh tir a nih leh tak bawk avangin a hmunah Zalen Pawl (UMFO) President Lalmawia chu thlan tlin a ni ve thung a.

Hengte hi Mizo District Council hmasa bera Member thlan tlin 18 te chu an ni:

HMAR LAM BIAL ATANGIN –

(1)  Pachhunga (UMFO)                            (2) R. Thanhlira (Mizo Union)

(3) Vanlalbuka (Mizo Union)         (4) Lalbuaia (Mizo Union)

(5) H. Khuma (Mizo Unio)          (6) Lalsawia (Mizo Union)

(7) Hrangaia (Mizo Union)         (8) Chaltuahkhuma (Mizo Union)

(9) Saitawna (Mizo Union)       (10) Rotluanga (Mizo Union)

(11) F. Sangkunga (Mizo Union)       (12) R.B. Chawnga (Mizo Union) 

CHHIM LAM BIAL ATANGIN –

(1)  Papuia (Mizo Union)         (2) Pathala (Mizo Union)

(3) Ch. Saprawnga (Mizo Union)        (4) Tuikhurliana (Mizo Union) 

PAWI/ LAKHER REGION ATANGIN –

(1)  Khuaimawnga (Mizo Union)        (2) Vako (Mizo Union)

NOMINATE MEMBER TE –

(1)  Lalthawvenga Sailo (Hmar bial Lalte aiawh)

(2)  Taikhuma Ralte (Chhim bial Lalte aiawh)

(3)  Sainghinga (Sorkar hnathawkte aiawh)

(4)  Lalziki Sailo (Hmeichhe aiawh)

(5)  Dr. Rosiama, Lakhipur

(6)  Medhia Chakma, Tlabung

District Council thutkhawm hmasaber hi June 23^rd – 25^th 1952 chhungin Reid House (Pawnpuite In) ah neih a ni a. Bawrhsap chuan Council Member tharte chu rinawmna thutiam tiring a la lut a, chumi hnuah Chief Executive Member (CEM) tur thlanna neih leh a ni a, Pu Lalsawia chu chuhtu awm loin thlan tlin nghal a ni a. Pu Hrangaia leh Pu F. Sangkunga te pawh EM atan lakluh nghal an ni bawk a, Executive Secretary atan Pu Biaktluanga chu lakluh a ni bawk. Anni bakah hian Council Session Chairman leh Deputy Chairman atan Dr. Rosiama leh Pu Tuikhurliana te chu thlan an ni bawk a, Pu H.K. Bawihchhuaka chu Legislature Secretary atan an thlang bawk a ni. Annual Budget an duan pawh pharh a niin kumkhat chhung atana Head hrang hranga sum hman tur an duan belhkhawm chu Rs. 15,377/- a ni. Chung bakah chuan hengte hi an thurelte chu a ni:-

(a)  Coolie phut luih (impost coolie) tih bo

(b)  Ram hual leh Zalen tih bo

(c)   Lal khawn tesep tih bo

(d)  Mizorama Lal, lalna tih ban

Tichuan June 20, 1953 ah District Council Session ko lehin Adviser-te thu lo rawn ang chuan Village Council thlanna tur Dan leh lal hnena buhchhun tin 6 atanga tin 3 a chhawk hniam tur chuan Dan an pass ta a. Hetia lal hnena buhchhun tih tlem a nih takah hian lalho chu an lungawih lo viau nain an hotu pahnihte MDC ah nih tawh bawk si avangin nawr let thei dinhmunah dingin an inhriat bawk siloh avangin hrehawm ti takin an tuar ta tlawk tlawk mai a ni. A hma kum chiaha Inthlanna au-hla a Mizo Union lamin an lo hman nasat tawh a ni bawkin LAL BAN POLICY hi tihhlawhtlin an tum viau a, kaihlek hla hmangtein an phuah hial a nih kha. MU-in sorkarna an chan takah chuan heti hian lal hnena buh chhunte tihdanglam a niin lalho hamthatna hrang hrang tihdanglam a nih tak bawkah chuan lalho tan chuan a luhai thlak duh viau ngeiin a rinawm. Chawl dawn ngawt sela ban an nihna a awm chuang si lo a, khawtlangah rorelnaah lah Village Council kutah thuneihna a awm tawh bawk si a. 

Kum 1954 ah hian Mizoram chhungah Lal (khawper awptute nen vek) 309 an la awm a, heng lal 309 te hian rinawm takin an khua leh tuite tan rawngbawlna an lo nei hlawm tawh a, khaw lian ber phei chu Hrawva Khiangte lalna khua – Aizawl Venghlui hi niin In 475 lai a nei nghe nghe. Nimahsela MDC sorkar chuan June 26^th, 1954 ah chuan India President phalna lain lalte banna tur dan ‘The Assam Lushai Hills District (Acquisition of Chiefs’ Right) Bill, 1954 chu pass in Assam Gazette ah Jun 30^th, 1954 khan an chhuah ta a ni. Hetih hun hma, Mizo Union hruaitu hmasa ber thlanna May 25^th, 1946 khan Pastor Zairema chu Vice President hmasa ber atan thlan a lo ni tawh a, President ah Pu Pachhunga a niin Pu R. Vanlawma pawhin Secretary leh Convener a kawp a nih kha. Kum 1740 AD khan Sailo lal pasarihte’n Selesih, sang sarih khua kan tih thin kha an din nia sawi a ni a, hemi atang chhut phei chuan 1954 thleng hian kum 214 vel lai alo ni hman a, chutih chhung chuan kan Mizo Lalte khan ram leh hnam an humhim mai bakah fel leh tha takin khawtlang rorelna an lo nei tawhin ral leh sakawlh lakah mipui, nunaute an lo humhim tawh a. Nimahsela kum 1948-a Sialsuk khuaa Mizo Union khawmpui neih a niha Mizo lalte tana ruahmanna mumal tak awm si lo a LAL BAN POLICY an pass ta ngawt mai chu Pastor Zairema chuan a ngaihdan a ni ngang lo a, a lungawih thei lo chu a zan a zanin Aizawl lam panin a hawng nghal a, a nihna pawh chu a bang zui ta bawk a ni.     

Ramri Thar – III thung hi chuan UT kan nih tan, kum 1972 atanga State puitlinga hlankai kan nih chhoh hun, kum 1987 thleng huam lehin hetih hunchhung hian Politics boruakin nasa takin zoram a tuam a. Hetih chhunga Chief Minister kan neih dan leh President’s Rule-a kan awm tawh dan pawh hetiang hi a ni;

Ch. Chhunga            – May 3, 1972 – May 10, 1977

President’s Rule    – May 11, 1977 – June 1, 1978

Brig. T. Sailo           – June 2, 1978 – Nov. 10, 1978

President’s Rule    – Nov. 10, 1978 – May 8, 1979

Brig. T. Sailo           –May 9, 1979  – May 4, 1984

Lalthanhawla           – May 5, 1984 – Aug. 20, 1986

Laldenga                –Aug. 21, 1986 – Feb. 19, 1987 (Hei hi MNF leh Congress Party te’n sorkar intawm an siam a niin ‘Interim Ministry’ tih a ni. Laldenga hi CM a ni a, Lalthanhawla chu Deputy CM niin Cabinet Minister ah Zoramthanga, Tawnluia, Rualchhina, Sainghaka, R. Thangliana, Vaivenga leh CL. Ruala te awmin Dr. H. Thiamsanga chu Speaker a niin K. Sang Chhum chu Dy. Speaker a ni bawk).

Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi chuan Mizoram U.T chu Feb. 20, 1987 ah State puitlinga hlankai kan nih thu a rawn puangin MLA pawh 30 aṭangin 40 kan lo nei ta bawk a ni.