- Davis Hriatpuia
Tun hma khan hmasawnna (development) leh tunlaina (modernity) hi ram leilung fate ram laksak nan hman a ni thin. Sawrkar leh corporation-te chuan ‘hmasawnna’ emaw, ‘civilization’ emaw an thlen niin an sawi a, mahse a rah chhuah chu awp behna, ram leilung faten an kalchar an hlohna, leh ram leilung fate thirkhaidiata hlin nan an hmang thin. Heti ang kalphung hi United States-a Native American-te chanchinah chiang takin kan hmu thei. Asia, Africa leh Latin America ramah pawh a lang bawk.
Sociologist hmingthang Anthony Giddens (1990) sawi angin tunlai khawvel hi capitalism leh state-in hringfate nun a thunun danin vawiina kan nun dan hi a kaihruai thûk hle. Mahse, heng hmasawnna ngaih dan hian hnam nunphung (traditional society) a tihchhiat dante chu hmai a hupsan thin. French Philosopher Michel Foucault-a thlirna tláng atangin han en ta ila: tunlaia thuneihna (modern power) hian hriatna (knowledge) leh institution – sawrkar, sikul leh dan (law) hmangin hna a thawk a, chu chuan ‘civilized society’ te chu engtin nge an awm, ‘developed’ chu eng nge a awmzia tihte an thlirna tláng atangin an thliar a, an hrilh fiah a. Chu an hrilh fiahna tehfung phak lo indigenous nunphung chu ‘primitive’ anga ngaih a ni fo a, chuvangin thlak emaw, ‘siam that’ emaw a ngai a ni tih ngaih dan a lo piang nghal thin. Kan hnam ngei pawh Saphote’n, ‘changkang’ an tih danin kan hnam zia leh chîn dan an rawn teh a, hnam hnuaihnung, mahni mihringpuite lu la duh tawk chauha hnam mawlah min chhuah thla rawk a, eng tehkhawng atangin nge ‘hnam mawl’ nihna hi an teh? Tih hi chhut ngai tak a ni a, an nun dan ang loa nung kha ‘hnam mawl’ an ti ta tawp ni maiin a lang. Hei hi culture colonization an tih chu a ni mai awm mang e.
- Native American te kha
Native American-ho, ‘Red Indians’ tia koh te chanchin hian tunlai ngaih dan, hmasawnna (development) hminga ram leilung fate ram leh zalenna a laksak dan hi kan hre fur ang. Kum 1600 chhoa European mi ngoho America rama an pêm khan, Native American-te’n kum tam tak luah tawh mah se, chu ram chu ram ruak angin an chhuah a nih kha. United States sawrkar a lo thang chho zel a, Native te nen vawi tam tak an indo a. Tin, Native hnamte nen inremna thuthlung vawi tam tak an ziak. Heng thuthlung hi Native ram leh dikna chanvo humhalh tiam chungin an ziak thin. Mahse, U.S. sawrkar chuan mi ngohoten Native American-ho awmna hmuna loneih, lungalhthei laihchhuahna, leh rel kawng siamna tur ram tam zawk an mamawh apiangin thuthlung zawng zawng deuhthaw chu a bawhchhe thin. Vawi tam tak U.S. sawrkar khan a bum fo a ni.
Kum 1830-a Indian Removal Act of 1830, President Andrew Jackson-a’n a ziah khan Native American hnam Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, leh Seminole te chu U.S. khawchhak lama an chenna in chhuahsanin Mississippi lui chhim lamah an insawn phah ta hial a. He insawn chhuahna zinkawng hi ‘Trail of Tears’ an tih ngei kha a ni. Mittui nen, Cherokee mi 15,000 chuang zet chu mel 1,000 vel an kal a ngai a; mi 4,000 vel chu kawngpuiah riltam, khawsik leh natna vangin an thi.
He thil hi ‘hmasawnna’ leh ‘civilization’ hming chhala tih a ni. U.S. sawrkar chuan Native mite pêmtirna chuan modern farming te, khawpui leh industry te chu a lo thang lian thei dawn niin a ngai a. Mahse, anni mi ngoten hmasawnna an tih chu Native American-te tan chuan thim thuah hnih a ni hawt mai – an ram, an kalchar, an tawng, leh an zalênna an hloh phahna a ni si a! Hnam tam tak chu reservation, sawrkar thununna hnuaiah kûntir an ni a, chutah chuan zalen takin an nunphung leh an hnam chîn dan chu an tichhunzawm thei tawh lo.
Theologian leh Native American activist Vine Deloria Jr. (1969) khan a lehkhabu ‘Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto’ tihah khan U.S. Sawrkarin Native-te thuneihna tihchhiat nan tharum thawhna leh dan hmansualna a hmang tih a sawi a. U.S. Sawrkar chuan “India mite civilize” chungchang a sawi a, mahse a nihna takah chuan an ram leh an thil neihte chu thunun a duh a ni, tiin a sawi. Tin, Historian Howard Zinn pawhin U.S. sawrkar khan Native American ram luahsak hi, ‘hmasawnna’ leh ‘civilization’ atan a ni a ti a. Mahse, a nihna takah chuan ram luahtu mi ngohoten leilung hausakna laihchhuahna hmun leh rel kawng siamna tur ram an duh vangin hmasawnna hming chhalin Native American ramte hi an luah a ni, tiin a sawi bawk kha. Heng chanchin hian ‘development’ hi inawp beh nan hman a ni fo a ni tih a tichiang ang.
- Development, Modernity – Tribal te awp bettu
India ramah hian tribal (Adivasi) community tam tak chuan an ramngaw an hloh tawh a, an ram chu lungalhthei laihchhuahna, tuikhuah siamna, leh industry project hrang hrang siam nan hman a ni. Indian ziakmi hmingthang Arundhati Roy (2010) chuan “Development chu colonialism thar a ni,” a tih chiah kha. A awmzia chu ‘development’ hming chhalin thuneitu, politician leh sumdawng lianten inchhek arbawm nan tribal-te ram chu an neihsak thin vang a ni.
Kum 2012-a tihchhuah ‘Swaraj’ tih Arvind Kejriwal-a ziaha kan hmuh angin ram leilung leh a hausakna hralh leh lèi kawngahte leh a hman danahte mipui duh dàn ni loin politician-te duh dàna kalpui a ni fo. Hemi chungchángah hian thil tam tak a awm nachungin pakhat chauh i han thur chhuak teh ang: Kum 1950-ah Indian Constitution sìam a ni a, tribal awmna hmun pawh a huam tel ta vek. “…tribal-hote hian kum za tam tak an lo awm tawhna an ram chu a neitu nihna lehkha an nei si lo a. Hei vang hian pawn lam mite’n remchángah lâin tribal ram te hi dik lo takin an neihsak thin a ni,” tiin Arvind Kejriwal chuan a ziak. “Heng tribal-te hi kum za tam tak ramhnuaia lo cheng tawhte ni mah sé, an chênna hi an ta a ni tih finfiahna lehkha an neih loh avangin man pe miah loa ram luah anga ngaih an lo nih phah ta a ni,” tiin Kejriwal chuan a ziak bawk. Chutiang khawp chuan mipuite hian ram leilungahte leh ram hausaknaah hian thuneihna kan lo nei lo fo mai.
Modernity hian ram chauh a la lo – keimahni kan inhmuh dan pawh a thlak danglam thin. Michel Foucault bawk khan thiltihtheihna (power) leh hriatna (knowledge) hi a kalkawp tlat, a ti a. A hmasaa kan sawi tawh angin he thil pahnih kalkawp hian sawrkar lian leh mi thiltithei zawkte’n indigenous community-te chu ‘backward’ leh ‘undeveloped’ tiin a lantir thin, a chhan chu eng nge changkang tih te leh eng nge hnam hnuaihnung zia leh nihna tih te chu an thliar a, ramri an kham thin vang a ni. Political philosopher Frantz Fanon pawhin awp bettute (colonizer) hian ram an luah mai ni loin, ram leilung fate kalchar an tichhia tih a sawi a. Awp beha awm (colozined) mipuite chu anmahni nihna zahpuiin hnam dang nunphung a tha zawk tih an rintir thin tih a sawi bawk kha.
Ram leilung fate tan chuan ram hi ‘ve mai mai’ a ni lo a, Ram leilung fate tan chuan ram hloh tih awmzia chu khawtlang, thlarau lam leh identity hloh tihna a ni daih tawh. Chuvangin, keini hnam tan chuan ram hi a hlu a, kan thuneihna atanga laksak kan nih phei chuan kan nihna kan hloh dawn tih nen a thuhmunna chen a awm thei ang. Capitalist system hnuaiah hi chuan heng thuneitu leh politician te hian kan ramte hi, “Engtin nge hlawk thei ang berin kan hman theih ang,” tiin pawisa rawng bak an ngaihtuahnaah a luh tawh loh avangin pawisak nei hauh loin ram leh a chhunga chengte chu suat an hreh tawh ngai lo. Chuvangin, heng development leh modernity hming chhal hian kan nihna leh kan ram hi hmana hnamte ang khan kan hloh ve ang tih a hlauhawm tak zet.
- Aw! Ka ram, Zoram, zan mut chhin a hun tawh lo e!
Hmasawnna hi kan mamawh. Mahse, mi tlem tê hausakna nan kan ram hi hman kan phal ngai dawn lo a, eng tikah mah kan phal lo ang. Hmasawnna hi kan mamawh. Mahse, ram leilung fate thleng phak lo mi tlem tê hmasawnna hi a awm kan phal ngai dawn lo a, eng tikah mah kan phal ngai lo ang. FCAA, 2023 – dan Sakei, tia tuna dan Sakei a ni lo ti thuttu mipuite zara rorelna thutthlenga thute lakah te, Mizoram sawrkar rim thlu mektu Patanjali lakah te leh eng eng emaw project hming chhala ram leilung fate dikna chanvo laksak theihna lakah te hian kan ram hi dahkham kan phal ngai lo ang. History hi vawiinah a thleng nawn leh thei a ni tih kan hria a, history-a lo thleng tawh, development leh modernity hmanga ram hlohna thleng thin kha kan ramah a thlen ve kan phal lo. Chuti ang zawnga khawsa lo turin, “Hei hi chu a him lo a ni,” tiin kan thlan sawrkarte ngen lah a sawt lo, “Kan duh danin kan rel ve bawk ang chu maw le, relpui vak kan ngai lo,” tiin ‘Mipui sawrkar’ din tumtute hotupa ber lah chuan an party office-ah mipuite min tawngkhum hmiah leh ang lawi a. An saingawizawnpui an ni ve ta em ni, kan ti ta rum rum a nih hi maw!
Aw! Ka ram, Zoram, harh la, development leh modernity an tih hming chhala mi tlem tê hlawkna tur thil hian i hlutna chhuhsak lul che suh se.
“Tunge lo kal? hriat loh chhingkhual a ni,
Eheu! Eheu! lêm ang der thiam a ni;
Luhtir suh la, zâwlaidî pawh a keng,
A dawi ang che hriat loh chhingkhual a ni,
Thirkhaidiatin a hlîng ang che.”
- Rokunga