- Dr. C. Lalrampana
A KAMKEUNA
Sakawr (Equus ferus caballus) hi ran vulh, ke pali nei chi a ni. Taxonomic family Equidae-ah a tel a, Equus ferus subspecies awm tawh pahnih zinga pakhat a ni. Sakawr hi kum maktaduai 45 atanga 55 kalta chhung khan ke ruh tam tak nei thil nung tê tak tê, Eohippus atanga tunlai rannung lian tak, ke pali neiah hian a lo insiam chho ta a ni. Mihringte hian BCE 4000 vel khan sakawr an vulh tan a, an vulh hi BCE 3000 vel pawh khan khawvelah a darh zau tawh niin an ngai. Subspecies caballus-a sakawrte hi ran vulh tangkai tak an ni. Sakawrte hi an inbuktawk dan (balance) a tha hle a, tlan turin an insiamrem zung zung thei.thin. Ding chung pawhin an muhil thei a, sakawr naupang zawkte chu a puitlingho aiin an mu tam zawk thin. Sakawr nu (mares) an tihte hian thla 11 vel zet nau an pai a, sakawr note (foal) chu a pianhnu lawkah a ding thei a, a tlan thei nghal bawk. Sakawrte hi an fing hle a, mihring tawng hrethiam turin zirtir fin theih tak an ni. Kum 25-30 chhung an dam tlangpui a, a nu hi kum 40 dam thleng an awm zauh bawk. Mihringte tana an tangkaizia leh an chhenfakawmzia hi sawisen a ni awm love. Bungraw phurh leh thiar vel nan leh Indona atan an tangkai hle bawk. Sakawr tel lovin hringnun a famkim thei lova “Hring nun thian bulpui” tia koh hial tlak a ni. Sakawr hi a tlangpuiin 1.4-1.8 meter-a sang, 8ft (2.4 meter)-a sei an ni thin. A rih zawng hi 50-100 kgs & 350-550 kgs a ni tlangpui bawk. A ke per hmangin chhiarkawp (mathematic) pawh a chhiar thiam ve a ni. Kum 1600 BC lai vel khan India subcontinent-ah Swat hnamho chuan sakawr hi an lo vulh daih tawh nia ngaih a ni a, cenbtral Asia-a an vulh hma fein an lo vulh tawh a ni. Sakawr hi mihring tan kawngtinrengah an tangkai hle a, a tangkaina zinga pawimawh tak a ek (manure) tangkaina bik hi tarlang lawk teh ang:
SAKAWR ÊK CHU?
Sakawr êk (manure) hi sakawr atanga bawlhhlawh (excrement) lo chhuak a ni. Puanthuah têl felsa thlap ang maiin a êk invial kual thuahthip hi a nalh danglam hle. Sakawr êka bawlhhlawh chu a hip luh theih nan a hnuai lam chu organic material layer-in a khuh a. Thinghnah inzial hlâwm (pulp) emaw pellets emaw pawh a ni thei. Sakawr êk hian tangkaina tam tak a nei a, chungte chu:
a). Leitha atan: Sakawr ek hi thlai tan chaw tha tak a ni a, nitrogen, potassium, leh phosphorus-te pawh a tel. Leilung hrinna leh hnawnna tihpun nan te, siam tharna atan te, thlai leh thei rah chhuah tamna atante a tangkai hle a ni.
b). Lei hriselna: Sakawr êk hian leilung insiam dan leh tui leh hnawng a tichhuak tha thei hle a, lei sakhat a siamin a timuk thei a, tuihnam a veng thei bawk.
c). Hnim leh Hlo thununtu: Sakawr êk hian hnim leh hlo chi a paih chhuak thei a, hlo thang duang tur a veng thei a ni.
d). Chawtha chihrang atan: Sakawr êk hian macronutrients 3 nitrogen, phosphorus leh potassium, secondary nutrient 3 calcium, magnesium leh sodium bakah micronutrients dang a nei bawk. Kaihhruaina rintlak tak (Rule of thumb)-a tarlan a nih angin, manure ro tha tak ton khatah hian nitrogen 5kg potassium 3.6kgs leh phosphorus 0.9kg a awm a ni. Hengte avang hian thlai leh pangpar enkawl nan leh chawm len nan a tangkai hle.
e). Anti-biotic tha chi: London, England, UK – European biologist-te chuan sakawr ek hmanga lo thang lian, pa (mushroom)-ah hian natna hrik (bacteria) thattu compound an hmuchhuak a. Antibiotic tan chuan a danglam bik hle a, copsin hi protein a ni a; mahse laboratory trial-ah chuan bacteria-ah hian traditional antibiotics ang bawkin nghawng a nei tih hmuhchhuah a ni. Khawvel hmun hrang hranga chemist-te chuan bacteria-te antibiotics laka an inven theihna lian zel chinfelna tur zawngin an intlansiak mek a ni. Hei hi khawvel mipui hriselna atana hlauhawm tak a ni a, Scientific community chuan Tuberculosis (TB) ang natna laka hnathawh theihna hloh nasa zawkte thlaktu tur antibiotics chi thar siam chhuah theih an inbeisei. ETH Zurich (Zurich-a Swiss Federal Institute of Technology)-a Mycology Professor Markus Aebi kaihhruai research team chuan a chhanna chu an hmuchhuak mai thei niin an ngai. Anni hian common inky cap mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea-ah copsin an hmuchhuak a, chu chu manure-ah a lo thang lian a, chutih rualin fungus leh chi hrang hrang an zirchiang bawk. “Sakawr ek hi substrate hautak tak a ni a, micro-organism chi hrang hrang a awm a, fungi leh bacteria-te pawh a awm a ni,” tiin Essig chuan a sawi. “Tunlai hian heng micro-organism-te hi nutrient leh space chungchangah inelna nei reng an ni a, chuvangin hetiang boruakah hian antibiotics chak tak tak hmuh a rinawm hle a, chu chu organism hrang hrangte hian inelna neitute thanlenna titawp turin an hmang thin.n Essig leh ETH Zurich leh University of Bonn atanga a thawhpui te chuan laboratory-ah he fungus hi an chin a, bacteria chi hrang hrang engemaw zat nen an chin a, C. cinerea hian bacteria thenkhat a that tih an hmuchhuak a ni. Research dang neih belh leh chuan he antibiotic effect hi mushroom siam copsin hi mawhphurtu a ni tih an hmuchhuak.
Essig chuan, “Tun dinhmunah chuan copsin hian cell wall building block pawimawh takah zawm a, bacteria a that ta a ni,” a ti. “Cell wall ngaihtuah theih chu bacteria achilles heel ang mai a ni a, chuvangin Copsin hi protein a ni a, chutih laiin traditional antibiotics erawh chu non-protein organic compound a ni fo thung. Defensins group-ah a tel a, chu chu natna thlentu micro-organisms doletna atana protein te tak te, tam takin an siam chhuah a ni. Dik tak chuan mihring taksa hian natna hrik laka inven nan vun leh mucous membrane-ah defensin a siam chhuak a. Antibiotic tam zawk siam chhuah nan copsin hi liquid culture-ah methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris an tih hmangin siam a ni. Copsin siam chhuah laiin ETH Zurich laboratory-ah thu a sawi a, senior scientist PaulI Kallio chuan, “Pichia pastoris kan chhin mek a, hei hi methylotrophic yeast a ni a, he yeast-ah hian copsin kan siam chhuak a, chuvangin hei hi process rei tak a ni a, chuvang chuan kan chhin a ni,” a ti bioreactors hmangin chu chuan copsin siamna tur controlled leh sterile environment a pe a ni.” tiin Kallio chuan a.
Essig chuan copsin-a inherent stability hi a hman theih dan tur atan a pawimawh hle tih sawiin, ei leh in lamah pawh a tangkai thei dawn tih a sawi a, a chhan chu natna hrik chi khat Listeria, food poisoning na tak thlen thei a tihlum vang a ni, a ti. “Copsin hi protein stable danglam tak a nih avangin entirnan 100 degree-ah i boil thei a, acid chak takah darkar tam tak i dah thei bawk,” a ti. “Enzyme aggressive tak tak hmangin i enkawl thei bawk a, active takin a awm reng bawk. He feature hian, entirnan, kal i phal bawk.” sawi.
A TLANGKAWMNA
Sakawr hi tunhma bungraw thiarvelna leh veivahna (transportation) la that hma kha chuan kan hmang tangkai hle a. A sa erawh kan ei ngai lem lo. Hetihlai hian khawvel ram hrang hrangah sakawr sa hi ei a ni a, chung zingah chuan:
Europe ram Italy, France, Spain, Belgium-te hi EU-a sakawr sa ei tamna ram thenkhat an ni.
Asia khawmualpuiah
Asia ram thenkhatah chuan Japan, Indonesia leh Mongolia-te hi sakawr sa ei thin an ni. Central Asia khawmualpuiah
Central Asian society-ah chuan sakawr vulhna atana tha tam tak a awm avangin sakawr sa hi an ei tlangpui a ni. Sakawr ek composting hian bacteria, parasite-te a that thei a: Compost siam lai a lumna lo chhuak hian bacteria tha lo tam zawk a that thei a ni. Enkawlna mumal tak (Research thumb) atanga a lan dan chuan windrows hi uluk taka enkawl chuan ni li chhungin natna hrik tha lo 99.9% a tichhe thei a ni. He thuruk hi sap missionary hmasate khan an hrechiang êm êm thin. Chuvangin, mihring êka bacteria thattu atan sakawr êk hring tharlam tak chu sapho khan an êk in khur (septic tank) chhuatah inchi chan ve vela chhah chap rualin an dah thin nia sawi a ni a; hei hian mihring êk (feces)-a bacteria awm chu sakawr êka E. Coli 0157:H7, Salmonella, & Compylobacter chuan ni 4 chhungin 99.9% a that thei a, tichuan, êk chu a zawp sawm nawi a, tuirilah changin soak pit-ah a luanluh thuai thuai thin avangin êk khal khãwn leh inhnawhkhawm awm hman lovin a tuiral zel thin avangin truck hmanga syntex tuizema êk in khur paih ruah kher a ngai lo a ni. Sapho tihdan hi Mizovin kan hre ve a, Zoram chhunga sakawr vulh tamna deuh thin Zemabawk Zokhawsang sipai hmun, Hmuifang, Thenzawl, Reiek etc. atangin sakawr êk kan lei chur chur hlawm a. A hralhtute lahin sakawr êk hring tharlam chauh hman tur a nih laiin sakawr êk ro tawhte pawh “a tha vek, a tha vek” tiin an fak mawi chawpa mipui lah chuan an awi zel bawk a, an inchuh zo duak duak ta thin a ni. Sakawr êk ro hian engmah awmzia nei hek lo, êk khura bawlhhlawh thun belhna chikhat mai a nih avangin nitin chanchinbu Vanglainia “septic tank kan paih ruak thei” titute phone number zawng rêng rêngin an hman hlel a, cheng tam tak tak sêngin êk in an paihruahtir thin a ni. Sakawr êk hring tharlam hi mihring êk (feces) tizawpa tituiral (dissolve)-tu tha tak a ni a, septic tank a khah loh nana hmanraw tangkai tak a ni thei. Amaherawhchu, sakawr êk ro, khâwn khawng uaih tawh erawh bawlhhlawh mai a ni tih hriain kristian depdein bum tuma a thlem che chuan lo awi tawh rêng rêng suh ang che. Chuvangin, sakawr êk hring tharlam chauh hi êk in khur khah har nana tha ber chu a lo ni e.