- Rinfela Zadeng
Kan thupui hi mi thenkhat tan chuan thu thar a ni ang a, mi thenkhat tan erawh chuan kan hriat fo tawh hnu a ni ang. Philosophy khawvelah erawh chuan he thu hi a mikhual lo a, vawiin thlengin an la sawi leh an la zir, thupui chai hlawh tak a la ni reng ti ila kan sawi sual awm lo e. ‘Euthyphro’ tih hi Puithiam pakhat hming a ni a, ‘dilemma’ hi Greek tawng atanga lo kal niin ‘di’ –‘pahnih’ tihna a ni a, ‘lemma’ – ‘a ngaihna hre loa inkhapthlukna’ tiin JF Laldailova dictionary-ah chuan kan hmu a; thil thlan tur harsa tak pahnih, a eng zawk pawh thlang dawn ila harsatna lo hring chhuak thei – tiin kan sawifiah thei awm e.
- A tobul
Kum 2400 vel kalta, BC 399 velah khan Greek mi fing (philosopher) Socrates chu Athens khawpuia rorelna – court tualah chuan a awm a, heta a awm chhan chu Socrates hian hetih hun laia thalaite chu a hruai khaw lo a ni tiin an hek a. Chumai piah lamah hetih hun laia an pathiante aia Pathian dang chungchang a zirtir avangin court-ah hian an hruai a. Chutia Rorelna (Court) kawta a awm lai chuan puithiam pakhat Euthyphro nen an inhmu hlawl mai a, Socrates chuan Euthyphro chu eng nge a tih dawn tiin a zawt a. Euthyphro chuan mi khin tur a nei a, chu a khin tur chu a pa ngei niin tualthattah puhin court-ah khing tura lo kal a nih thuin a chhang a nih kha. Chutah chuan Socrates hian Puithuam Euthyphro chu zawhna khirhkhan tak a zawt a, chu a zawhna chu ‘Euthyphro’s Dilemma’ tiin an sawi zui ta zel a nih hi. Socrates leh
Puithiam Euthyphro te inbiakna hi Philospher Plato lehkhabu ‘Euthyphro’ tih atangin kan hmu a nih kha.
- Sual leh tha hi eng nge ni?
A tira kan sawi taka ng khian Athens khawpuia rorelna (court) tualah chuan mi fing Socrates leh puithiam Euthyphro te chu an inbia a. Chutia mahni hirngtu, a pa ngei mai tualthata puha court-a a khin dawn takah chuan Socrates chuan Euthyphro chu zawhna a zawt ta a-
“I pa meuh chu tualthata puhin court-ah i khing dawn ta a, i thil sawiah hian i chiang maw?”
Puithiam Euthyphro chuan Socrates hnenah chuan –
“Hre chiang teh reng mai! Puithiam ka ni a, hetiang thilsual tih hi pathiante duh dan a ni lo a, a dik lo a ni.”
Socrates chuan zawhna zawh belh zel a –
“Eng nge dikna? Eng nge thatna chu?”
Euthyphro chuan, “Tuna ka thiltih tur mek hi a ni a, thil tisualtu chu hrem tur a ni” tiin a chhang a. Socrates chuan a hnial ta zel a,
“Thil tha leh thil sual chu i sawifiah hauh lo a, entirna ni awm ang chauh i sawi a ni” tiin.
Euthyphro chuan tihian a chhang let leh a,
“Thatna chu pathiante duh dan leh an pawm zawng hi a ni” tiin.
Socrates chuan, “Pathiante chu an duh dan a in ang vek si lo a…” tiin a zawt zui zel a, hetih hun lai hian Greek te khan pathian tam tak an bia a nih kha.
Euthyphro chuan, “Thatna te chu pathiante pawhin an pawm vek a, thil dik lo erawh chu an duh lo” tiin.
Chutah chuah chuan Socrates khan, vawiin thlenga zawhna ril leh chhan huphurhawm ber zawhna a zawt ta a, “Thil tha tia kan sawi hi Pathianin a sawi vanga thil tha ni ta nge a nih a, a that sa reng vang zawka Pathianin ‘tha’ tiin a sawi mai zawk?”
- Sual leh tha hi Pathian duhdan maia innghat a ni em?
Socrates zawhna atanga thil lo lang ta chu – thil tha leh thil tha lo hi Pathian duh dan mai mai a nih chuan, vawiina thil tha hi naktukah Pathianin tha ti lo thut ta se (arbitary), sual a ni mai dawn tihna em ni ang? Thil hi Pathianin ‘a tha’ a tih vang chauha a tha a nih chuan, Pathian duh dan chu engtikah emaw lo danglam ta se (entirnan: tual thah te, dawt sawi te hi ‘a tha’ rawn ti thut se), thil tha lo pawh kha thil tha-ah a chang nghal dawn tihna a ni. He thlirna hian morality (thil tha leh chhia) hi duh duha thlak theih (arbitrary) a nihtir a, Pathian thutlukna chu a mumal dawn lo hle tihna a ni ang.
Tin, thil tha chu Pathian aiin a chungnung zawk a, chuvangin Pathian pawhin ‘tha’ chu ‘tha’ a ti ve tihna em ni ang? Chutiang a nih chuan thil tha chu Pathian aiin a chungnung zawk ang a (standard of goodness), Pathian chu engkim tithei a ni lo ang a, thatna hnuaia kun mai a lo ni dawn tihna a ni a, thil awmsa lo entawn ve mai Pathian a ni tihna a lo ni ang.
- Pathian thu atanga chhanna
Socrates zawhna khi Pathian thu (theology) atanga kan en chuan a chhanna kan pe thei a, C.S. Lewis pawhin a lehkhabu ‘The Poison of Subjectivism’ leh ‘The Problem of Pain’ tihah khan a lo chhang tawh a nih kha. Thil tha hi Pathianin a phut (command) avanga lo awm a ni lo a, Pathian leh thil tha hi a hrang lo tiin a sawi a nih kha. Pathian chu thil tha bulpui a ni a, a nihna a rawn lan tir a, chuvangin Pathian nihna chu a danglam ngai loh avangin sual leh tha hi a danglam ngai lo tiin C.S. Lewis chuan chiang takin a lehkhabuah khan ‘Euthyphro’s Dilemma’ chungchang hi a chhanna a lo pe tawh a. He zawhna hian Pathian nihna (nature) a hriat loh vang chauh a ni tih kan hre thei awm e.
Thomas Aquinas, William Lane Craig leh Alvin Plantinga te pawhin duhthlan tur pathumna (third option) lo siamin he thu hi an lo chai tawh bawk. Pathian thu thil tha duha lo pawm ve maitu a ni lo a, thil tha lo siam chawptu Pathian a ni hek lo. Pathian ngei chu thil tha a ni. Pathian duh zawng leh a thupek, Pathian nihna (moral character) atanga lo chhuak a ni a, chu chu keini pawhin thil tha leh tha lo kan lo hriat theihn tura kan rilrua Pathian nihna leh inpuanna kan pianpui chu a ni tiin kan sawi thei ang.