- Dr. C. Lalrampana
A KAMKÊUNA
Kan naupan lai chuan kan rethei si, rethei hle mah ila mihring ve tho kan nih avangin mi neih ang engkim neih ve vek kan duh thova mahse, kan nei zo ve si lo. Krismas zan leh kumthar zana hâlphuah hâl ri kan hriatna apiang kan pan a, thingtlangah chuan hâlphuah hal thei chin chu chhungkaw khawsa thei deuh an ni tlangpui a, keini ang duang chuan kan neih ve phak loh avangin krismas tuk leh kumthar tuk khawvar veleha mi hâlpuah halna hnua a puak bang zawn khawma hâl ve thuai thuai kha kan chan tawk a ni mai. Hâlpuah nisaa pho tan that loh leh hnawng deuhte chu a tlepa hâl thin ni mah se, puak kim lo a tam thin ém avangin hâlpuah hal tuka a puak bang zawnga chuh chak apiang kan vannei mai thin. Hei vang hian kan tlaivar ve peih loh changte hian vârtianah thovin hãlpuah puak kim lo zawng rêng rêngin kan vak kualin kan hmanhlel thin. Hâlpuah hâl hi a ri kan hretlangleh veka a haltu tan danglamna tehchiam awmin lang lo mah se, a haltu ngei nih kan chak hle thin. Thil tha tih kawngah chuan a titu leh mawphurtu nih kan chak thin. Hâlpuah pawh hi a ri hre tlangleh vek mah ila,, a hâltu ngei nih kan chak tlat thin. A puah rin viau phei chuan kan hawi chama kan intitheiin nuam kan ti hle thin. A nei zo deuhte ningnawi vanneihpuia inchhekarbawmna mai ni mah se, kan hringnun kha a hlim phah ve hle thin.
A LO CHHUAHNA
Hâlpuah hi Song lalram rorel BC 960–1279 hun lai khan China ramah a lo chhuak tan nia ngaih a ni. China-hovi’n BC 206 – AD 220 inkar vela an tihchhuah nia sawi a awm bawk. Sapho chuan ‘cracker’ emaw ‘firecracker’ emaw an ti a, Hindi chuan ‘Pataakhe’ an ti thin. Halpuah hmasa ber chu mau hnah hmanga siamin meiah an paih lut a, a puak ri tuk tuk a, chuta tang chuan siam dan an lo thiam chho ta zel a ni. Kum 800 C.E. vel khan Chinese alchemist-te chuan saltpetre, sulfur leh charcoal-te an chawhpawlh a, silai hlo, silai zên (Gunpowder) an siam a. He silai hlo hi mau theiah an thun a, meiah an rawh puak thin a ni. A hnuah lehkha thei (paper tube) hmangin an thlak ta a. Lehkha pante (Tissue paper) hmangin a dâwt (fuse) an siam tel ta zel bawk. A rawng hi chemical substance hmangin rawng hrang hranga siam chhuah a ni. Kum zabi 14-na vel khan Europe ramah an siam chhuak a, kum zabi 17-naah chuan an lar chho ta hle a ni. Hãlpuah hi puak thei thil te tak te, lehkhaa tuam, muk taka zial hnana puak thei compound dahkhawm telmuk tlat a ni. Ri bengchheng tak leh thawm tam tak siam chhuak thei tura duan a ni. Hâlpuah hi Propellant, Binding agents, Coloring agents, Magnesium emaw, aluminum, Sodium salts, Strontium nitrate or carbonate, Barium nitrate, Copper salts, Charcoal emaw carbon form dangte hmanga siam a ni. Tin, hei bakah hian Perlite powder, magnesium aluminum alloy, titanium powder, & brim stone atanga siam a ni bawk. Puak ring deuh tur chuan cardboard emaw plastic hmangtea nghet tak leh muk taka tuam tlat a ngai thin. Tin, halpuah hlauhawm zualte chu Barium acetate, Sulphur dioxide, Potassium nitrate hmanga siamte hi an nì. India rama halpuah siamna factory hmasa ber chu kum zabi 19-na lai vel khan Calcutta-ah din a ni a; a dintu hi Gopal Mahindram a ni. India rama halpuah leh halmawi siamna hmunpui ber nia ngaih Tamil Nadu khawpui Sivakasi-ah hian halpuah siamna hmun 1,150 vel a awm a, ram chhunga hâlpuah leh hâlmawi siam chhuah zinga 70% vel hi sivakasi-a siam a ni a; hnathawktu nuai 4 vel zet an ruai mek nia ngaih a ni. India hi Khawvela hâlpuah siamtu lian ber pahnihna a ni bawk. Halpuah tuamna kawr bihchianin Sivakasi production plant address, Tamilnadu chu a inziak deuh vek ang. Tunah tak phei chuan he khawpuiah hian hâlpuah siamna factory 8000 vel a awm tawh a, mi nuai 8 velin hna an thawk mek nia chhut a ni.
ENG NGE A TANGKAINA?
Hâlpuah hi milem pathian beho chuan thlarau sual hnawhchhuahna, kum thar lawmna, vanneihna dawn theih nana malsawmna leh kum thar lo awm tur lawm taka lo hmuahna atana hmanraw tangkai takah an ngai. Diwali laia thil hmuhnawm ber pakhat chu hâlpuah hâl thawmri leh hâlmawi chihrang hrang êng mawi tak takte hi a ni. Chûngte chuan vân boruak a ti êng mai ni lovin, hlimna leh nun bul tan tharna a entîr bawk niin an ngai. An kût ni hrang hrang lawm nan leh a ropuizia tihlanna atan, rilru tih zauthauna leh tihengthâwl nan an hmang bawk. Hei bakah hian an kut ni pawimawhah thlarau sualin a tihbuai loh nana hnawhkianna hmanraw pawimawh tak niin an ngai bawk. Muslim sakhaw hotu Maulana Abdul Wakeel Qasmi, state secretary, Ittehad Ulema-I-Hind chuan, “Hâlpuah hi a puak ri ringawt ni lovin, hâlpuah hmanga sumdawn leh a hlawkna têl pawh hi khap (haraam) a ni,” a ti. “Midang thil tih hi kan ngaihtuah ber a ni lo va, Muslim tan chuan khap (haraam) a ni ngei ang.” a ti. Islam hian ni pawimawh-a hâlpuah hman khapna nei lo mah se, sakhaw dang kût hmanpui hi pumpelh an tum tlat thin. Hâlpuah leh hâlmawi hi Kristiannain a khap lo va, a thlawp hran lo bawk. Dik tak chuan Pathian thuah hian hâlpuah hâl chungchang engmah sawi a awm lo. Mahse, kum thar leh krismas lawm nan Kristiante hian hâlpuah an hâl thin.
Hâlpuah hâl hian boruaka rannung chihrang hrang, mihring tana hlauhawmte thlengin a that thei a, a tangkai phian. Tin, tunlai technology hmanga ralthuam hlauhawm siamnaah pawh hâlpuah hian hmun pawimawh tak a luah bawk.
A THATLOHNA
Meikhu hian boruak leh mihring hriselnaah nghawng tha lo tam tak a nei a, chung zingah chuan boruak bawlhhlawh lutuk Hâlpuah hâl atang hian particulate matter (PM) an tih chi a awm a, chu chu thawk lakna atan harsatna siamtu a ni. PM hian khuh, lung a tina thei a, thawchham (Asthma attack) a thlen thei bawk. Tin, lung natna neisa a tizual thei bawk a, lungphuchawl, tlukthut, lung cancer leh thih hmana a thlen thei bawk. Khawvel lum chhoh zel dan thlirin Hâlpuah khu hian boruak lumna, carbon dioxide leh gas tha lo dangte chu boruakah a paih chhuak a, chu chuan khawvel lumna a belhchhah nasa hle thin.
Bengchheng (Noise pollution) a thlen nasa hle a, hian bengngawnna hial a thlen thei.
Hâlpuah thawm ri ring lutuk hian mihring hriselna a tichhe thei a ni. Hâlpuah thawm ri hian kum upa lam tan lungphu châwla thihna a thlen thei a ni. Hãlpuah, sparkler, leh bottle rocket-te hi halpuah chi hrang hrang zingah hliamna thlentu tam ber an ni. Hliam thlentu tam ber chu kangmei a ni a, taksa peng hliam tam ber thlentu a ni. Kângmei chhuahtu hlauhawm tak a nih theih avangin in kâng, ram kâng, ârpul leh mihring siamchawp chhiatna (man-made hazard) tha lo tak, thihna hial thlentu a ni. Tin, a hâlna hnu kawr lehkha leh thir themte hi bawlhhlawh Hnawmhnawk a nih avangin leimin siamtu a ni avangin a tha lo hle.
HÂLPUAH KHAP A NI:
Supreme Court thupek ang chuan, hâlpuah hi zan dar 8 PM leh 10 PM inkarah chauh hâl theih a ni. Inkaihhruainaah hian faina chu ngaih pawimawh ber nia tarlan a ni. Bench chuan enforcement mechanism tihdanglam chungchang pawh a tarlang tel bawk. Tun hnaia Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2023 hnuaia siamthat a nih hnuah, environment bawhchhiatna avanga kum 5 thleng lung ina tan theihna tur leh cheng sing khat atanga nuai sawm leh panga (Rs 10,000 – Rs 15 lakh) thleng chawitir theihna a tel a ni. Mahse, heng hremnate hi implementing rules siam a nih rih loh avangin hman theih a la ni lova, hei vang hian Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) dan chu “awmze nei lo” a ni ta rih a ni. India state engemaw zatin boruak bawlhhlawh dona atan hâlpuah hâl dan (regulation) khauh tak an kalpui a, Delhi-ah khap tlat a ni a, Bihar leh Maharashtra state-te chuan ni pawimawh lawmna hun hman karah boruak quality humhalh nan darkar bituk chhungah pawh hâlpuah hâl phal chin hãl pawh an khap bawk. Kum 2017 October thla khan Supreme Court chuan Delhi-ah halpuah a khap a, hei vang hian industry chuan cheng vaibelchhe 1,000 zet an hloh tih an sawi a, hei vang hian hna a?anga ban tawk an tam phah hle bawk. India rama National Green Tribunal (NGT)-in kum 2020-a NCR biala hâlpuah zawrh leh hman khapna tura thupek a chhuah hnuah, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) chuan “green crackers” siamin, raw material bawlhhlawh tichhe tlem zawk a hmang a ni. India rama state engemaw zatin hâlpuah khap emaw, hman theih hun, thawm bengchheng siam lo chi hman ngei ngei tur a ni. Heti chung hian kum 2020 khan Diwali hman nan hâlpuah tam tak hman a ni a, chumi hnu lawkah Delhi khawpui boruak bawlhhlawh chu World Health Organization-in him nia a ngaih laiin a let 9 chuang zetin a sang zawk a ni. Aaratrika Bhaumik chuan kum 2021-a Diwali leh Kali Puja lawmna puala West Bengal state pumah Calcutta High Court-in halpuah (green firecrackers telin) hman khapna a siam a ni. He khapna hian kum khat chhunga kût awm zawng zawng, Chhath Puja, Guru Nanak Jayanti, Diwali, Dasera, Krismas leh Kumtharte a huam vek a ni.
India rama National Green Tribunal (NGT)-in kum 2020-a Diwali festival-a hâlpuah hralh leh hman khapna dan a siam hnuah, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) chuan raw material thianghlim zawk atanga siam green crackers a siam a, hei hian emission a tihtlem phah a, hei hian a siam chhuah tihtlem a ni vaivut; an boruak chhe chhuak (emission) hi 30% in a hniam zawk a, chubakah chuan halpuah pangngai (traditional firecrackers) decibel 160 ai chuan decibel 110-125-a ri zawi zawk a ni bawk.
Mahse, green cracker-ah hian boruak bawlhhlawh, aluminium, barium, potassium nitrate leh carbon-te chu a la awm reng a ni.
Delhi sorkar chuan Delhi khawpuia boruak bawlhhlawh sang chho zel tihziaawmna turin halpuah chi hrang hrang siam chhuah, dahkhawm, hralh leh hman tihtawp a lo rel tawh a ni. Kum 2022 September thla khan BJP atanga Member of Parliament Manoj Tiwari chuan Delhi sorkar lakah thubuai siamin Supreme Court-ah a thehlut a. Tiwari chuan “sakhaw zalenna hi inlaksak theih a ni lo” a ti. Supreme Court chuan petition chungchangah hian thubuai ngaihtuah duh lovin: “Mipuite hian boruak thianghlim hip phawt rawh se” (Let People Breathe Clean Air) tiin thubuai hi a hnawlsak ta a ni.
SC chuan mipuite hnenah pawisa chu hâlpuah leina aiah sweets lei nan hmang turin a ngen bawk. Kumin October 31, 2024 Diwali zan dar 12 khan Delhi khawpui ri bengchhen zawng chu 94.5 dB(A) leh boruak thianghlim tehnaah 300AQI a tawng thleng a, mihring hriselna atan a hlauhawm hle a ni tih DPCC chuan a tarlang.
A TLÂNGKAWMNA
Mihring hriselna atana Hâlpuah thatlohzia kan hre ta. Hâlpuah hi reagent hrang hrang: potassium nitrate, carbon leh sulfur te meihawl, chini, barium, calcium, carbon, phosphorus hmanga siam a nih avangin a khu hip luh hi mihring hriselna kawng hrang hrangin a nghawng chhe thei hle. A bikin natna benvawn thawhah (asthma), awmna (bronchitis), lungna, kalthalo, Pneumonia, allergy, sinus veite tan a tha lo zual hle. Hâlpuah hâl khap a nih hma khan kumtin hâlpuah khu nghawng tha lo avangin naupang kawthalo avangin thihna a thleng thin a, ârpûl hri pawh a leng ziah thin. Hâlpuah khap a nih hnuah erawh hetiang hi a reh duak tawh. Krismas leh kumthar thlah hun a lo hnai ta Aizawl khawpui boruak thianghlim tehnaa India ram puma pakhatna 29AQI ni mek hi 50AQI thlenga min dahhniamtu tur hâlpuah khu hian min tibuai lul lo se, chutiang bawkin ribengchheng tehna mihring beng tlin tawk 60-70 dB(A) aia sang uchuak 80-93dB(A) thleng kan tawng ang tih a hlauhthawnawm hle. Chuvangin, krismas lawm nan leh kumthar thlah nana hâlpuah leh hâlmawi chihrang hrang hâl leh tura ngaihtuahna rilru hi paihbo hmak thei ila a van tihzia dawn êm! Chuvangin, “Hãlpuah I hâl ang u” tih ai chuan mipui venghimtu police-te leh NGO hrang hrang leh sawrkar hian inthurualin heng hâlpuah leh hâlmawi mihring hriselna atana thalo tak takte hi theihtawpin manin vaikhawm ila mihring tana pawi lo thei tur ang bera tihriral (dispose) nghal zel ni se Zoram mipuite kan lo hrisel zawk ngei ang.