- Zoliansanga Tlau
‘Tualchher Criticism’ tih lehkhabu hi C. Lalawmpuia Vanchiau lehkhabu (mi dang nena thawk duna an chhuah chhiar tel lovin) pathumna niin kumin (2024) April thla khan a chhuah a, phek 272-a chhah, thupui 16 awm, cheng 350 man a ni a. A thuziah tam zawk hi kum 10 liam taa chanchinbua a chhuah tawh, khawih danglam lo va a ngai ngaia a dah te a ni hlawm bawk. A lehkhabu hming leh a kawma inziak : Keivomesque, Siamkima Theory, JF-a ‘Bible Thlirna,, Saiawia Family Narrative, Rev Zairema leh CPC, Utopian Rokunga Dystopia, Aukhawk Lasi Thangkhawk, Zuahliana Khawvel te han hmuh hian a bu chhung thu chhiar tichakawm tura mi hip thei a tarlang thiam hle. A kawm hnung lamah lah ni se mi ril famta Mafaa Hauhnar chungchanga a thuziah tawite a dah lang a. Mafaa ngaina tan chhiar a tichakawm thei ngal viau bawk ang.
A lehkhabu tih chhuah hmasak ber (2011) ‘Tapchhak Theory, Essay & Criticism’ kawm design leh tuna a lehkhabu kan bih chian tur kawm design hi a inang a, a rawng erawh a danglam thung. A lehkhabu chhuah hmasak bera a ziah “… literature-ah thlir dan pakhat chauh a awm thei ngai lo tih hi ka thu ken, ka lek lar duh ber zawk a ni” (Tapchhak Theory p.18 & 19) a tih kha ‘Tualchher Criticism’-ah pawh a la dik zel a ni ang, hetiang hian a ziak leh a : “Thupui tam zawk kan rawn chhawpchhuahte hi mi thlir loh zawng a ni fur dawn a. Thlirna tlang pakhat chauh a awm thei ngai lo tih kan tanchhan a” (p.8) tiin. Tapchhak Theory (p. 19)-ah vek khan “Ka tawngkam hman leh ka zotawng neih-te hi a bumbohin a biboh tih pawh ka hria. Timama tuai hnum dan pawh zawn chuan kawng a awm, mahse ka ziah dan hi ka duhthusam, ka duh dan tak a ni.” tiin a ziak a. “Timama tuai hnum dan pawh zawn chuan kawng a awm” a tih hi ‘Tualchher Criticism’-ah a thlen dik tir a. A thuziah dan leh Mizo tawng kauchheh a hman pawh a lehkhabu hmasa aiin chhiar a nuamin a mam tha a; Chhut sual pawh hmuh tur a tlem hle.
Mizo tawng thuziah kara Sap tawng thumal telh chungchang, Tapchhak Theory-a Ziakpuii pa thuziah a tarlan tawh chu Tualchher Criticism-ah vek hian tarlang lehin : “Tawng zawng zawng anpui kan nei lo hi tlawm chia lak tur a ni lova, khawvel zawng a khum theih loh va, mi hmuhchhuah sa duh duha kan hman theih tho hi hmang ila kan creativity-in hma a sawn chak zawk a rinawm” a tih chu pawmpuiin ‘Tualchher Criticism’-ah hian sap tawng leh literature tawngkam thumal eng emaw zat a awm a. A bu chhung thu hre chiang tak tak tur chuan literature tawngkam hriat ve a ngai a. Chumi tel lo chuan a bu chhung thu luh chilha a rilna laimu hriat fiah pawh a har ang. Ama’n “…mi thuziah kara Saptawng thumal pahnih/khat lo tlazep thin hi thenkhat chuan vei berah kan nei a. Mahse, an veia-te hian siam ta nge an ti hlei lo va. Literature-ah chuan ziaktu a thu ber a, a dawtah chhiartute” tiin Tapchhak Theory (p.19)-a a ziak chhiar tawh chuan kan hriat kha. Amah (C. Lalawmpuia Vanchiau) lah ni se mi thiam Phd thleng zir a ni bawk a. A thu leh hla pawh a ril ruih reng reng a.
A lehkhabu tihchhuah pahnihna chu ‘Rambuai Literature’ (2014) niin lehkhabu ro tling leh tha tak leh chhah tak a ni a. (Mizoram) Rambuaiin a nghawng chhuah thu leh hla hria leh ngaihven a nih avangin a lehkhabu pathumna ‘Tualchher criticism’-ah pawh hian rambuai kaihhnawih thupui pathum : Utopian Rokunga Dystopia – “Zawlkhawpui”, V. Thangzama Rambuai Hla : “Tho la ding ta che”, Rev. Zairema leh Christian Peace Committee tihte a awm a. Utopia Rokunga Dystopia – “Zawlkhawpui” tih leh V. Thangzama Rambuai Hla: Tho la ding ta che tih thuziak I chhiar hunah “Class room-ah hla phuahtuin a phuah chhan te, a phuah laia a rilru sukthlek leh hla phuah lai boruak ngai pawimawh tura kan inzirtir lai hian mahni rilrem zawnga pawh fan hi thil awl tak a ni ve reng a. Chutianga suasam hlawh nasa ber chu Rokunga rambuai hla ‘Ka pianna Zawlkhawpui’ hi a ni hial awm e. Hun thut bik nei leh history nghenchhan hla te hi chu a tobul atanga zir chik a tha mang e; a nih loh chuan a hla hlutna kan um tiau ve thei tlat a ni” (p.207) a tih hi i pawmpui ngei ka ring. Rambuai laia “Remna Thuthlung” a awm theih nana tha leh zung thawhtu: Rev. Zairema, Rev. Ngurauva leh Rev. Luaia te thlavang pawh he lehkhabu ziaktu hian a hauh na hle a. ‘Rev. Zairema leh Christian Peace Committee’ tih i chhiar hunah min nemnghehpui bawk ang.
Comparative Literature zir a nih avangin ama’n “Comparative literature behchhan criticism chu comparative criticism-study an ti. Comparative criticism chu a tawi zawngin, ‘a study of literary works from different cultures, often in translation’ ” (p. 119 & 120) a ti a. “JF-a Bible Thlirna: Zikpuii Pa a tawngvai em ni?” tih thupui hmanga a thuziak hi Comparative criticism rim nam a ni ang. Pakhat sap ngaisang lo, pakhat zawk sap ngai sang, an thu leh hla hmanga an inchaltauhna lai nia lang chu ngun takin he lehkhabu ziaktu hian zir chiangin a bihchiang a. Hetiang hian thu a titlu ta a : “Thangtharte hmachhuanin pakhatin tawng humhalh nan etymological roots leh phonetics science a chelek bakah Oxford Dictionary leh Bible version hrang rhang behchhanin a pawr lai a hai chhuak a, lehlamin a romanticized zawnga thu leh-thliahin English literature bakah Bhagavad Gita leh Quran thlenga lamin chul mam tumin a hmanhlel a” (p.26) tiin. He lehkhabu hi Postcolonial tukverh atanga thil thlirna a nih tel avangin colonialism thang duang tur leh colonial minset laka tal chhuah tumna thu a ni bawk ang. Chu chu thupui dang hmanga a thuziak thenkhatah pawh hmuh tur a awm. JF-a rilru chhungrila awm kan pi leh pute ngaihsanna rilru chu he lehkhabu ziaktu rilru put hmang pawh a ni bawk. Chu chu he thu hian a tarlang chiang bawk ang:
“Roman-hoin Britian an run [hmunchhuah] laia Sapho khawsak dan kha Sapho nen kan intlawhpawh tirha kan khawsak dan aia hniam te pawh an awm ve. Thenkhat chu lung pukahte a nia an lo la khawsak vel mai mai ni. Kan pi leh pute khan lehkha, ziak leh chhiar, nei lovin ‘civilized’ [?] mit leh tehna atangin an dinhmun kha hniam hle angin lang mah se an mawl ngawt lo, an tlaw nahek lo. An khawvel sik leh sa a inthlak dan milin an suangtuahna a sang a, an ngaihtuahna pawh a fing a, hnam lian zawk leh chak zawkin a hneh ta hlauh mai pawh a.” (46) tiin.
A chhunga thu kan tarlan leh “Ropuiliani kha a tlawm, mahse a tlawm lo” tih thupui hmanga a thuziak hian inzawmna an nei a. Ropuiliani kha hnam lian zawk sap lakah tlawm lo mah se, lian zawk leh chak zawkin an man tlat avangin a thinlungah tlawmna awm lo mah se, a mantute thu a zawm a tul a ni mai tih chu he lehkhabu thuvuak thlak a ni deuh ber ang. A hmaa kan sawi tawh angin “literature-ah thlir dan pakhat chauh a awm thei ngai lo” tih ang khan Lalrammawia Ngente thawnthu tawi dah khawmna ‘Hringnun Hlimthla’ thlir sakin “Thawnthu hrang hrang hi bih den den chuan sex hi hringnun hlimthla, a khaikhawmtu, a laimu a nih a rinawm viau. Lehkhabu ziaktu hian ualau takin sex hi literary theme-ah a hmang tih tur chu a ni hauh lo, amaherawhchu hmuh tur a awm si a ni; phek hnihna atangin sexual theme a lang nghal tlat” (21) tiin a khaikhawm. Hetiang thu nena inlaichin hnai “Tuai patil : Homoerotic Love” tih thupui hmanga a thu ziah pawh hi Mizo thu leh hlaa tuai leh patil te inngaihna thuziak chhuina a ni bawk ang.
Kan Mizo literature-a mi ropui pahnih Zikpuii pa leh Siamkima te thuziak a duh khawp lohna chhiar tur a awm a. ‘Zalenna Rama Siamkima Theory’ tihah phei chuan Siamkima lehkhabu ‘Zalenna Ram’ tih bu chhung luh chilhin a duh khawp lohna lai leh a bu chhunga (a ziaktu) amah leh amah a inkalhna lai nia a hriat sawiin a au chhuak a. A ngaihnawmin a bengvarthlak hle. Zikpuii pa leh Siamkima te’n kan Mizo literature huanga oral literature an mausam chu pawm lo leh ngaithei lovin hetiang hian a ziak bawk:
“Postcolonial tukverh atang chuan orality [oral tradition] entir leh kawh ber chu awp behna hnuaia kun – tribal, hnam changkang lo, ziak leh chhiar thiam lote dinhmun a ni. Chutiang zelin, textuality [written/printed text] chuan Europian, colonialist, imperialist-ho leh chung mite ngaih sanna colonial hangover a entir, Anni chuan tawngkaa inhlan-chhawn thu leh hla hnawlin textual matter chin chiah literature min tihsak. Printing press hmuhchhuaktute an nih miau avangin khawla chhut chauh literature-a pawm thlap turin min hmin an tum a, hei hi colonial politicks a ni. Chumi thlirna atang chuan hming that latu chu keimahni ni lovin anmahni a ni” (p.39 & 40) tiin. Hetiang hian bung dangah a sawi leh bawk : “Literature chu ‘rilru leh ngaihtuahna’ hlimthla anga min zirtir lai hian Greek sang takah a dah a, a dawtah English literature. Keini chu nu pum chhunga la awm ang chauh kan ni, mi dangin ‘bul min rawn tansak’ a ti lek hi. A thahnemngaih luattuknaah thlahtute ‘oral literary form’ hnuchhawnin, Zosapte min pek ‘written form’ chauh literature-ah a pawm ta mai em ni?” (p.115) tiin.
Tin, Zikpuii pa’n JF-a a khen nana a sawi “Zosapthara hi prose-ah leh modern poetry-ah hian kawngsattu a ni tih a hre lo a ni” a tih chu he lehkhabu ziaktu hian a pawm lo hle a, “Literary discourse-a modern leh Zikpuii pa sawi modern, “modern poetry” leh “modern literature” hi thlun zawm a that vei nen, hrui hrual a awm tlat lo. Zosapthara hi amah tak, a sulhnu tel lovin, kal kawng vai engtu chauh kan tih a nih pawhin ‘colonial era’ atangin ‘modern period’-ah chawpchilh takin a zuan luh nghal theih reng em. European-ho chuan an thei khawp ang, anni chu hmu chhuaktu, ching chhuaktu, sulsutu, zirtirtu, hotu; keini thung chu an hmuhchhuah tur, bultansak ngai, an thu hnuaia kun tur. Academic studies-ah colonialism atangin modernism-ah kan inhlangkai nghal ngawt lo va, anti-colonialism phirpui postcolonialism kan paltlang phawt thin” (p. 42&43) tiin a ziak a. Zuahliana Khawvel : “Engah Thihna, Thimah Himna” tih thupui hmanga a thuziakah chuan Zuahliana chu modern poet (a changing postmodern) niin a ngaih thu a ziak bawk. He lehkhabuah hian mimal chanchin dang Mafaa chungchang leh a criticism chhui chianna bakah Kaphleia chanchin ama diary atanga lepse-na kan hmu a. L. Keivom-in tawng dang (a bikin sap tawng) lam rik dan anga mizo tawnga dah a chin chu a that tawk lohna thu ziak ‘Keivomesque : Mafaa Hrik tithaktu chu!’ tih chhiar tur a awm bawk a (Hemi chhungchang ka chhiar lai hian Dr. Laltluangliana Khiangte pawh rilruah a rawn lang chawpchilh nghal a. Ani hian Sap tawng thumal chu Mizo tawnga chher a ching a. Hemi chungchang hi C. Lalawmpuia Vanchiau hian a la chhui turah beisei ang). Lasi chanchin chhuina ‘Aukhawk Lasi Thangkhawk’ chhiar tur a awm bawk bakah ‘Saiawia Family Narrative’ tih thupui hmanga a ziah Lalhmingliana Saiawi novel atanga chhungkua hrang hrang awmte zira chhui chianna thuziak chhiar tur a awm bawk.
A lehkhabu hmasa ber “Tapchhak Theory” hming put chhan a sawi “Lehkhabu hming a ka hman Tapchhak Theroy tih awmzia hi thliarkar rilru pu chunga literature leh huang danga ‘’dan” leh ‘tur’ kan tih tlur thin, ‘scholarly attitude’ ni bawk si lo sawina a ni” (Tapchhak Theory, 2011, p. 27 & 28) a tih kha, tuna kan sawi a lehkhabu hming ‘Tualchher Criticism’ hming put chhan thuziak, ‘Tualchher Criticism : Damhauhva leh Khawvel Hluia Hlarua’ tih nen pawh hian inlaichinna an la nei niin a ngaih theih. Hetiang hian a sawifiah “Hla phuahtu nih inchuh leh phuahtu hriat dan phir atanga piang inhnialna hi ‘tualchher criticism’ pakhat a ni. ‘Literary theory’ phei zawng behchhan mah suh se, a sawi thui thei leh sawi huai deuh te, chumi khami kum 90 dam chuan a ti, ‘A TI TIH BU’-ah kan innghat tlangpui. Thenkhat chuan hla a lo chhuah tirh laia a phuahtu nia sawi tawh chu, i-he lovin a phuahtu dik tak ni tuah an ngai nghet fo’ Hla phuhtute’n an phuah chhan an sawi leh, hla tlar tin thumal awmzia leh a hla thu kawh dan atangin ngaihdan siam mai theih a ni thin, ngaihdan chauh chu” tiin. C. Lalawmpuia Vanchiau hi lehkhabu chhiar peih tak a nih tih tilangtu chu a thulakna hnar a tarlan atang hian a chiang a. Chutah mai chuan tawp lovin ama’n “Criticism chu a classical definition-ah chuan ‘to judge’ emaw, ‘judging literature’ tihna a ni mai a. Amaherawhchu, kan hriat atana tha chu judgment siam a tum ngawr ngawr a ni ngawt lo va. ‘Evaluation, examination, interpretation, analysis of a particular text or literature based on literary theory or though literary history’ tih hi literary criticism hrilh fiahna tlanglawn leh kan innghahna tur a ni dawn a ni” (p. 223 & 224)-a a ziah anga thil zira chhui thin a nih avangin a thu leh hlain belhchian a dawl a; mawina aiin takna, rilna, a nihna tak min khawhhmuh thin. Tualchher Criticism chhiar nuam vek u le.